Fig. 9: Longitudinal monitoring of oral rinse-derived and plasma ctDNA.

A–D Changes in ctDNA status and concentration from T0 to T2 in the oral rinse recurrence cohort (A), oral rinse non-recurrence cohort (B), plasma recurrence cohort (C), and plasma non-recurrence cohort (D). E, F Monitoring of serial oral rinse-derived (E) and plasma (F) samples from 19 patients, showing ctDNA detection (red circle) and subsequent relapse (yellow triangle). ctDNA was detected at all pre-operative time points (purple square). The dashed line indicates the total follow-up duration. ctDNA circulating tumour DNA.T0, pre-treatment. T1, post-operation. T2 post-operation detectable ctDNA.