Fig. 2: Prognostic analysis of clinical and molecular features.

A Univariate Cox regression analysis identified Stage II (HR = 2.42, p = 0.026), KRAS mutation (HR = 0.44, p < 0.001), and TP53 mutation (HR = 0.59, p = 0.014) as significant factors for overall survival (OS); B Multivariate analysis highlighted age (HR = 1.026, p = 0.011) and KRAS mutation (HR = 0.571, p = 0.028) as independent prognostic factors; C–E Kaplan–Meier survival analyses demonstrated: KRAS mutations are associated with worse outcomes in both OS (p = 0.00032) and PFS (p = 0.01); TP53 mutations predict poorer survival compared to wild-type (OS: p = 0.013, PFS: p = 0.0056); combined KRAS and TP53 mutations result in the worst survival outcomes (OS: p = 0.0023, PFS: p = 0.011) in TCGA cohort.