Fig. 3: Kaplan–Meier curves for irAE-free survival and overall survival.

P-values were calculated using the log-rank test. A irAE-free survival curves comparing patients who developed non-serious vs. serious irAEs. Patients with serious irAEs experienced earlier onset and significantly reduced irAE-free survival (p = 0.038). B irAE-free survival among patients with multi-site cancer, stratified by ICI regimen: Anti-CTLA4 + Anti-PD(L)1, Anti-PD1, and Anti-PDL1. Patients receiving dual ICI therapy showed earlier irAE onset and lower irAE-free survival (p = 0.02). C Overall survival curves incorporating irAE status as a time-varying covariate over a 5 year follow-up. Patients who developed irAEs had significantly better overall survival compared to those who did not (p < 0.0001). D Overall survival in kidney cancer patients, stratified by ICI regimen. Dual ICI therapy was associated with significantly better survival compared to monotherapy (p = 0.0011).