Fig. 1: The workflow of the overall study.

a Data preparation for constructing the predictive models. Patient clinical and MRI data were collected, regions of interest in the images were segmented, and radiomics features were extracted and filtered. b Construction and testing of the models, validation of the ability of the models to predict MTM-VETC HCC in two external validation sets, and exploration of the ability of the models to predict prognosis in the outcome set. c Results of radiogenomics analysis. Exploring the biological characteristics between model groups through enrichment analysis and immune cell infiltration analysis, identifying hub genes for the high-risk group predicted by the model, exploring their potential therapeutic targets, and studying their impact on patient prognosis. MTM-VETC macrotrabecular-massive subtype and vessels encapsulating the tumour cluster pattern, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma.