Fig. 1: Comparative visualization of natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic liposome with protein (proteoliposomes).

a Schematic representation of natural EVs circulating in a blood vessel. b Illustration of a proteoliposome functionalized with a protein biomarker. c Photograph of the in-house fabricated plasmonic nanocavity platform (MoSERS microchip) used for the plasmonic enhancement of Raman signal. d Confocal Raman microscopy setup with 532 nm laser illumination. e Machine learning-assisted identification and classification of liposomes based on their surface biomarkers.