Fig. 2: Synthesis and characterization of liposomes and proteoliposomes.

a Schematic illustration of the liposome/proteoliposome synthesis protocol. b Hydrodynamic size distribution of liposomes and proteoliposomes at varying protein-to-lipid molar ratios. c Hydrodynamic size comparison of liposomes and proteoliposomes functionalized with different biomarkers. d Zeta potential measurements of liposomes and proteoliposomes, showing surface charge variation depending on the biomarker. e Fluorescence microscopy images of liposomes labeled with rhodamine-DHPE (green channel, excitation at 555 nm) and His-tagged proteins labeled with Atto647 NTA-Ni (red channel, excitation at 640 nm). f Intensity distribution histograms of individual particles in the lipid (green) and protein (red) fluorescence channels.