Table 3 Association between PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10, and HRV according to the living labs on days with higher cumulative concentration

From: Association between exposure to particulate matter and heart rate variability in vulnerable and susceptible individuals

 

Chronic Disease Groups

Control Groups

Total

Arrhythmia

Chronic Airway Disease

Stroke

Total

Higher Air Pollution Exposed

Older People

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

\(\beta\) (95% CI)

Outcome: SDNN

PM1.0

−0.62 (−1.87, 0.62)

0.23 (−3.36, 3.83)

−7.32 (−13.06, −1.58)

−0.51 (−2.85, 1.83)

−2.92 (−5.47, −0.36)

−3.50 (−6.74, −0.26)

−3.50 (−26.62, 20.62)

PM2.5

−0.60 (−1.78, 0.59)

0.21 (−3.21, 3.62)

−7.12 (−12.75, −1.50)

−0.48 (−2.72, 1.75)

−2.72 (−5.12, −0.33)

−3.27 (−6.27, −0.28)

−3.49 (−26.19, 19.20)

PM10

−0.59 (−1.77, 0.59)

0.22 (−3.18, 3.62)

−7.11 (−12.73, −1.49)

−0.48 (−2.70, 1.73)

−2.69 (−5.04, 0.33)

−3.18 (−6.13, −0.24)

−3.41 (−25.97, 19.15)

Outcome: SDANN

PM1.0

−0.18 (−1.04, 0.68)

−0.11 (−2.40, 2.18)

−4.60 (−9.08, −0.12)

−0.08 (−2.36, 2.20)

−1.33 (−2.84, 0.17)

−2.65 (−5.62, 0.32)

−1.50 (−12.54, 9.54)

PM2.5

−0.17 (−0.99, 0.64)

−0.11 (−2.29, 2.06)

−4.57 (−8.90, −0.24)

−0.08 (−2.25, 2.09)

−1.25 (−2.66, 0.16)

−2.47 (−5.23, 0.29)

−1.38 (−11.98, 9.31)

PM10

−0.17 (−0.99, 0.64)

−0.10 (−2.28, 2.06)

−4.55 (−8.88, −0.22)

−0.08 (−2.23, 2.07)

−1.23 (−2.61, 0.16)

−2.38 (−5.10, 0.33)

−1.34 (−11.96, 9.19)

Outcome: SDNNI

PM1.0

−0.71 (−1.82, 0.41)

0.01 (−3.18, 3.20)

−3.01 (−5.98, −0.05)

−1.09 (−2.84, 0.65)

−0.43 (−1.66, 0.79)

−0.78 (−2.44, 0.88)

−3.43 (−15.01, 8.15)

PM2.5

−0.69 (−1.75, 0.37)

−0.01 (−3.02, 3.02)

−2.97 (−5.85, −0.08)

−1.04 (−2.70, 0.61)

−0.39 (−1.54, 0.75)

−0.72 (−2.26, 0.83)

−3.40 (14.54, 7.73)

PM10

−0.68 (−1.73, 0.38)

0.01 (−3.01, 3.02)

−2.96 (−5.84, −0.08)

−1.04 (−2.68, 0.61)

−0.39 (−1.51, 0.74)

−0.69 (−2.20, 0.83)

−3.34 (−14.41, 7.73)

Outcome: RMSSD

PM1.0

−0.70 (−2.39, 0.99)

1.03 (−3.44, 5.51)

−6.24 (−11.70, −0.78)

−1.66 (−4.18, 0.85)

−0.78 (−3.26, 1.71)

−1.87 (−5.23, 1.49)

−6.48 (−31.42, 18.46)

PM2.5

−0.69 (−2.29, 0.92)

0.97 (−3.28, 5.22)

−6.09 (−11.42, −0.76)

−1.58 (−3.98, 0.82)

−0.70 (−3.03, 1.63)

−1.72 (−4.85, 1.41)

−6.40 (−30.40, 17.60)

PM10

−0.67 (−2.27, 0.93)

0.98 (−3.26, 5.22)

−6.08 (−11.40, −0.75)

−1.57 (−3.95, 0.81)

−0.69 (−2.98, 1.60)

−1.66 (−4.73, 1.41)

−6.29 (−30.16, 17.57)

  1. Linear regressions were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, respiration rate, smoking, alcohol consumption, METs, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, TVOC, humidity, and temperature. Boldface means significant results.
  2. β regression coefficient, CI confidence interval, PM particulate matter, SDNN standard deviation of NN intervals, SDANN standard deviation of the average NN intervals for each 5 min segment of a 24 h HRV recording, SDNNI mean of the standard deviations of all the NN intervals for each 5 min segment of a 24 h HRV recording, NN normal-to-normal, RMSSD root mean square of successive RR interval differences, RR The time between successive R waves in an electrocardiogram (ECG), representing one cardiac cycle.
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