Table 1 Study, participant, and intervention characteristics

Baines et al.¹⁹

United Kingdom

Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, ACM digital and gray literature (patient experience library database and google scholar)

Systematic review (k = 433)

Digital health interventions

Acute and chronic conditions (cancer, mental health, diabetes, breastfeeding, aphasia, human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted disease, sleep, hearing loss and impairment) and health promotion

Age specifics not provided

Codesign, patient and public involvement, user-centered design, participatory design, cocreation.

Explore how patients and the public are involved in digital health innovation and to identify factors that support and inhibit meaningful patient and public involvement (PPI) in digital health innovation, implementation, and evaluation.

Baysari et al.¹⁵

Australia

Medline and Embase (2013–2014)

Literature review (k = 34)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic health conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma, cancer), health promotion (breastfeeding)

Children to elderly patients (age range not provided)

Human factor approach

To examine what human factors methods, if any, were applied to the design, development, and evaluation oft the identified mobile applications.

Bevan Jones et al.²⁰

United Kingdom

Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science (inception to 2019)

Practitioner review (k = 25)

Digital health interventions

Chronic health conditions (depression, anxiety, sleep, self-harm, and suicide)

Children and young people (up to 18 years)

Co-design/development/production

To understand the development of digital mental health technologies in collaboration with CYP and other stakeholders.

Bird et al.²¹

Canada

Medline, CINAHL, Embase (inception to 2018)

Scoping review (k = 38)

Digital health interventions

Chronic health conditions (hematology/oncology/palliative, asthma, congenital heart disease, medical complexities, autism spectrum disorder)

Children (range not provided)

Human-centered design, end-user involvement, co-design

Describe the various models of synchronous home digital health that have been used in pediatric populations with special health care needs, their outcomes, and implementation barriers.

Cole et al.²³

United States

PubMed, Embase and Scopus (2010–2021)

Systematic review (k = 25)

Electronic health interventions

Chronic health conditions (heart failure, mild cognitive impairment, hearing impairment, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, prostatitis, hypotension, larynx cancer, COPD, reduced healing, eyesight, mobility, sensibility, loss of memory function) and health promotion in older adults

Older adults (at least 60 years of age).

Co-design, collaborative approaches, participatory design

Synthesize the current state of codesign approaches used to involve older adults in the development of EHTs.

Cwintal et al.²²

Canada

Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science

Rapid review (k = 27)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic (oncology, COPD, spinal cord injury) and acute conditions (post-operative pain)

Child to adults (age range not provided)

Co-design

Summarize previously published uses of co-design in mHealth applications.

DeSmet et al.³⁴

Belgium

PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo (2013–2014)

Meta analysis (k = 36)

Serious digital games

Healthy lifestyle promotion aiming to improve health behaviors, such as healthy diet, physical activity, social behavior, health responsibility and maintenance and stress management or self-actualization

Children-elderly (age range not provided)

Participatorydesign

Advance our understanding of how PD relates to game effectiveness by quantifying and comparing differences across studies and by overcoming small sample sizes in individual studies.

Eyles et al.³⁵

New Zealand

Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL plus and google scholar (January 2005–January 2016)

Systematic review (k = 9)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic health conditions (schizophrenia, type 1 diabetes, mental health, traumatic brain injury, dementia, adolescents health and nutrition, positive emotion and social expressiveness, obesity) health behaviors (nutrition and physical activity, positive communication, and weight loss)

Adolescents-adults (age reported in 7 of the studies included in the review: 12–70 years)

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)

To identify and describe the methods and processes used for the co-design of mHealth interventions.

Henni et al.²⁹

Norway

Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, IEE Explore, ACM library. Hand searched the journal of technology and persons with disabilities (2015–2020)

Scoping review (k = 25)

Digital health interventions

Chronic health conditions (cognitive, motor and hearing Impairments)

Children to adults (age range not provided)

Participatory and universal design

Investigate the needs and barriers of people with impairments related to use of digital health solutions and strategies to foster user participation, access, and utilization of digital health solutions.

Kip et al.²⁵

Netherlands

Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (inception until 2021)

Scoping review (k = 160)

Electronic health interventions

Condition not reported

Children to older adults (age range not provided)

Human-centered development

To provide an overview of research activities used in studies guided by the CeHRes Roadmap.

Mitchell et al.²⁴

United Sates

EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science (inception to 2017)

Systematic review (k = 57)

Information communication technologies

Healthy behaviors (weight management medication adherence and education, skin care, healthy behaviors for geriatric patients, postoperative health considerations and sexual health) and chronic diseases (cancer gout, lung disease, mental health, HIV, diabetes and kidney disease, arthritis, amblyopia, cardiovascular disease, lupus, autism, and chronic pain)

Children to older adults (5–78 years)

Patient-centered methods for design and development

Explore the current landscape of patient-centered design and development of health ICTs through a systematic review

Nimmanterdwong et al.³⁰

Thailand

IEEE Xplore, PubMED/MEDLINE, Scopus (inception until November 2020)

Systematic review and narrative synthesis (k = 8)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic health conditions (heart failure, psychiatric disorders, fall risk assessment and detection, sarcopenia prevention, patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices)

Older adults (at least 60 years of age)

Human-centered design

Explore existing literature on relevant primary research and case studies to (1) illustrate how HCD can be used to create mHealth solutions for older adults and (2) summarize the overall process with recommendations specific to the older population

Nusir et al.³¹

Saudi Arabia

Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO-SocINDEX (2005–2020)

Systematic review (k = 22)

Digital and mobile interventions

Acute and chronic health conditions (COVID-19, psychological needs, diabetes)

Children to adults (age range not provided)

Co-design, collaborative design, participatory design, creative design, creative collaboration

To summarize how the co-design methodologies handled the existing technology-based health systems for their improvement

Øksnebjerg et al.²⁷

Denmark

PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and CINAHL. Hand search, Opengrey (inception to 2018)

Scoping review (k = 11)

Assistive technology

Chronic health condition (dementia)

Adults (age range not reported)

Involvement of end users in design and/or test phases

To explore and synthesize research addressing assistive technology designed to be used by people with dementia for self-management.

Orlowski et al.¹⁶

Australia

Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Informit, arXiv.org, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library (inception to June 2014)

Systematic review (k = 17)

Technology-based interventions

Chronic health conditions or well-being focus (autism, public mental health services, obesity, (mental illness and caregivers, sexual and mental health promotion for adult men who have sex with men, depression, behavioral issues, anorectal anomaly, online mindfulness therapy, self-harm, self-identified health concerns, alcohol use)

Youth only (10–26 years of age)

Community-based participatory research, participatory action research, participatory design, and user-centered design

To investigate consumer involvement processes and associated outcomes from studies using participatory methods in development of technology-based mental health and well-being interventions for youth

Sanz et al.³²

Spain

PubMed (2017–2020)

Literature review (k = 20)

Digital health interventions

Chronic health conditions (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, RA, motor neurone disease, cancer, HIV, dementia, parkinson’s, diabetes, heart failure)

Older adults (age range not provided)

Co-design, co-creation, contribution

Identify the most implemented practices in health and social care service co-design for digital solutions to guide the co- design process in the ValueCare project; used to create or design a digital health solution or concept for patients and citizens

Sumner et al.³³

Singapore

Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, OpenGrey and Business Source (2009–2019)

Systematic review (k = 43)

Health related technology

Chronic health conditions and health promotion in older adults (14 of the studies targeted specific medical conditions or problems such as cognitive or physical impairments)

Older adults (at least 60 years of age).

Co-design

To evaluate the effects and experiences of co-designed technology that support older adults to age in place

The University of Newcastle et al.¹⁷

Australia

ACM, Scopus, Web of Science (inception to 2019)

Systematic review (k = 61)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, asthma, home-based health care, bipolar disorder, osteoarthritis, cancer, depression, HIV, schizophrenia, stroke). Health promotion (physical activity, mental health, nutrition, smoking cessation, menopause self-care, positive psychology, STI and drug usage)

Adolescents to elderly patients (age range not provided)

Co-design

Understand the scope of empirical mHealth studies that have used co-design in terms of (1) the targeted disease management and/or health promotion context, (2) the involved stakeholder groups, and (3) the methods they used in the different co-design phases

Vandekerckhove et al.²⁶

Netherlands

Embase, Medline ALL, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL (Inception to 2019)

Systematic review (k = 69)

Electronic health interventions

Chronic health conditions (mental health was most frequently addressed) and health promotion

Not reported

Generativearticipatory design

Aimed to explore the reporting and substantiation of generative PD methodologies in empirical eHealth studies published in scientific journals to further develop PD methodology in the field of eHealth

Wegener et al.²⁸

Denmark

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and IEEE (2009–2020)

Scoping review (k = 22)

Digital health interventions

Chronic health condition (cognitive decline, cognitive dysfunction, neurocognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, frailty, vulnerability)

Older adults (at least 65 years of age)

Co-creation, user involvement

Aimed to explore how older people with frailty and impairment are involved in various parts of the design processes of digital health technologies and identify gaps or neglected steps in a user-involving design process

Woods et al.¹⁸

Australia

CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE (2010–2017)

Scoping review (k = 21)

Mobile health interventions

Chronic health conditions (respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer)

Community-dwelling older adults (range not provided)

Patient-centered, user-centered, participatory, or user-centered design principles

Identify, summarize, and report on the development of consumer mHealth interventions for chronic condition self-management in the adult community-dwelling population in primary peer-reviewed studies