Fig. 5: The structure of 5 models of 3 types for visual field (VF) prediction.

a–c basic VF estimation deep learning models (EDL) using color fundus photographs (CFPs), region of interest (ROI) of CFPs, ROI with optic disc and optic cup segmentation. d multi-modal VF estimation deep learning model (MEDL) using ROI and clinical information. e longitudinal VF estimation deep learning model (LEDL) using ROI and interval years for future VF prediction.