Fig. 6: Associations between retinal age gap and incidence of age-related diseases.

Forest plot showing hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) per 1-year increase in retinal age gap across multiple disease categories. Analyses were conducted using two models: Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (Townsend index), and Model 2 additionally adjusted for education, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).