Fig. 3: Forest plot of median conversion times (years) and hazard ratios for key predictors of time-to-PD-MCI in the cross-cohort analysis.

Forest plot showing the relationship between two key predictors (Benton Judgment of Line Orientation score and age at PD diagnosis) and the development of mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). The left panel displays median conversion times with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), stratified by predictor thresholds (≥16 vs <16 for Benton score; ≥53 vs <53 years for age at PD diagnosis). Solid blue lines indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p-value < 0.05), while grey lines indicate non-significant differences. The right panel shows corresponding hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CIs, where HR greater than 1 indicate increased risk of PD-MCI for the higher category compared to the reference group (lower category). For age at PD diagnosis, patients diagnosed at ≥53 years show significantly higher risk of developing PD-MCI compared to those diagnosed earlier.