Table 1 Characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of included patients

From: Machine learning based CAGIB score predicts in-hospital mortality of cirrhotic patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding

Variables

Overall (n = 2467)

Training cohort (n = 1233)

Validation cohort (n = 1234)

P value

Age (years)

57.00 (19.00–94.00)

57.37 ± 12.59

58.00 (25.00–94.00)

57.58 ± 12.47

57.00 (19.00–92.00)

57.15 ± 12.70

0.393

Male (%)

1674 (67.90%)

863 (70.00%)

811 (65.70%)

0.023

Etiology of cirrhosis

    

 HBV (%)

1255 (50.90%)

616 (50.00%)

639 (51.80%)

0.365

 HCV (%)

229 (9.30%)

122 (9.90%)

107 (8.70%)

0.295

 Alcohol (%)

365 (14.80%)

189 (15.30%)

176 (14.30%)

0.456

History of GIB (%)

1489 (60.40%)

766 (62.10%)

723 (58.60%)

0.073

HCC (%)

543 (22.00%)

280 (22.70%)

263 (21.30%)

0.403

ICU (%)

350 (14.20%)

194 (15.70%)

156 (12.60%)

0.028

Diabetes (%)

598 (24.20%)

301 (24.40%)

297 (24.10%)

0.842

Ascites (%)

1606 (65.10%)

793 (64.30%)

813 (65.90%)

0.414

 Mild (%)

931 (58.00%)

451 (56.90%)

480 (59.00%)

 

 Moderate (%)

393 (24.50%)

201 (25.30%)

192 (23.60%)

 

 Severe (%)

282 (17.60%)

141 (17.80%)

141 (17.30%)

 

HE (%)

306 (12.40%)

144 (11.68%)

162 (13.13%)

0.275

 I-II

194 (63.40%)

90 (62.50%)

104 (64.20%)

 

 III-IV

68 (22.22%)

34 (23.61%)

34 (20.99%)

 

ACLF (%)

134 (5.40%)

68 (5.50%)

66 (5.30%)

0.855

AGIB manifestations

    

 Hematemesis

1602 (64.90%)

792 (64.20%)

810 (65.60%)

0.464

 Melena

1594 (64.60%)

799 (64.80%)

795 (64.40%)

0.845

 Hematochezia

267 (10.80%)

132 (10.70%)

135 (10.90%)

0.851

Laboratory tests

    

 Hb (g/L)

81.00 (16.00–212.00)

83.09 ± 24.82

81.00 (16.00–193.00)

83.07 ± 24.93

81.00 (16.00–212.00)

83.11 ± 24.72

0.760

 WBC (109/L)

5.00 (0.40–51.81)

6.20 ± 4.51

5.00 (0.60–33.30)

6.12 ± 4.29

5.12 (0.40–51.81)

6.28 ± 4.72

0.566

 Neutrophil (109/L)

3.57 (0.09–40.31)

4.65 ± 3.85

3.53 (0.13–29.00)

4.58 ± 3.68

3.60 (0.09–40.31)

4.71 ± 4.01

0.429

 Lymphocyte (109/L)

0.78 (0.00–9.76)

0.97 ± 0.75

0.78 (0.02–9.76)

0.96 ± 0.75

0.79 (0.00–9.70)

0.98 ± 0.76

0.752

 PLT (109/L)

80.00 (3.00–836.00)

99.77 ± 73.16

81.00 (3.00–836.00)

99.96 ± 73.18

80.00 (7.00–665.00)

99.57 ± 73.17

0.787

 TBIL (μmol/L)

24.90 (1.75–1111.40)

42.66 ± 66.71

26.20 (2.30–1111.40)

44.59 ± 71.18

23.55 (1.75–677.70)

40.74 ± 61.90

0.012

 ALB (g/L)

30.70 (10.30–55.00)

30.88 ± 5.67

30.60 (11.90–49.00)

30.82 ± 5.63

30.70 (10.30–55.00)

30.94 ± 5.70

0.641

 ALT (U/L)

25.70 (2.00–2212.00)

43.68 ± 90.12

26.00 (2.00–881.00)

42.26 ± 69.10

25.02 (3.00–2212.00)

45.09 ± 107.08

0.769

 Scr (μmol/L)

63.25 (7.00–950.00)

77.29 ± 62.94

63.90 (7.00–950.00)

79.92 ± 71.61

62.89 (14.62–823.00)

74.66 ± 52.76

0.127

 Na (mmol/L)

138.10 (76.00–161.00)

137.62 ± 5.18

138.10 (108.00–161.00)

137.65 ± 4.78

138.10 (76.00–159.20)

137.58 ± 5.55

0.890

 INR

1.32 (0.84–9.87)

1.42 ± 0.45

1.33 (0.84–7.41)

1.42 ± 0.44

1.31 (0.85–9.87)

1.41 ± 0.47

0.290

Child-Pugh score

7 (5–15)

7.76 ± 1.89

7 (5–15)

7.77 ± 1.91

7 (5–15)

7.75 ± 1.87

0.871

MELD-Na score

12.45 (6.43–40.00)

14.09 ± 5.89

12.81 (6.43–40.00)

14.29 ± 5.95

12.11 (6.43–40.00)

13.89 ± 5.83

0.034

MELD-3.0 score

12.90 (3.41–45.50)

14.39 ± 6.18

13.30 (4.62–45.50)

14.60 ± 6.28

12.50 (3.41–44.05)

14.17 ± 6.09

0.063

CAGIB score

–5.33 (–7.71 to 5.54)

–5.12 ± 1.28

–5.29 (–7.34 to 5.54)

–5.07 ± 1.35

–5.39 (–7.71 to 4.28)

–5.18 ± 1.20

0.096

Endoscopy (%)

1796 (72.80%)

888 (72.00%)

908 (73.60%)

0.383

 EV

1565 (94.46%)

850 (95.10%)

856 (93.90%)

 

 GV

1190 (65.96%)

577 (64.70%)

613 (67.20%)

 

Source of bleeding

    

 Varices

1492 (60.48%)

736 (59.69%)

756 (61.26%)

0.814

 Ulcer

73 (2.96%)

36 (2.92%)

37 (3.00%)

0.982

Pharmacological treatment

 Terlipressin (%)

800 (32.40%)

397 (32.20%)

403 (32.70%)

0.807

 Octreotide (%)

1455 (59.00%)

709 (57.50%)

746 (60.50%)

0.136

 Somatostatin (%)

1157 (46.90%)

596 (48.30%)

561 (45.50%)

0.152

 Antibiotics (%)

2009 (81.40%)

1004 (81.40%)

1005 (81.40%)

0.992

Transfusion (%)

1498 (60.70%)

741 (60.10%)

757 (61.30%)

0.526

Endoscopic treatment

1414 (57.30%)

708 (57.40%)

706 (57.20%)

0.917

 EVL

963 (68.10%)

474 (66.95%)

489 (69.26%)

 

 EIS

398 (28.15%)

205 (28.95%)

193 (27.34%)

 

 Tissue glue injection

646 (45.69%)

324 (45.76%)

322 (45.61%)

 

 Other

51 (3.61%)

25 (3.53%)

26 (3.68%)

 

TIPS (%)

246 (10.00%)

133 (10.80%)

113 (9.20%)

0.177

LT (%)

5 (0.20%)

1 (0.10%)

4 (0.30%)

0.180

Failure to control bleeding (%)

164 (6.60%)

74 (6.00%)

90 (7.30%)

0.198

In-hospital death (%)

139 (5.60%)

62 (5.00%)

77 (6.20%)

0.192

  1. HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, GIB gastrointestinal bleeding, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, ICU intensive care unit, HE hepatic encephalopathy, ACLF acute-on-chronic liver failure, Hb hemoglobin, WBC white blood cell, PLT platelet count, TBIL total bilirubin, ALB albumin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, Scr serum creatinine, Na sodium, INR international normalized ratio, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, EV esophageal varices, GV gastric varices, EVL endoscopic variceal ligation, EIS endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, LT liver transplantation.
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