Fig. 4: SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) dependence plots.

This figure shows SHAP dependence plots for the 11 selected continuous features in the final model, illustrating the relationship between each feature’s value and its SHAP value in the test dataset of the derivation cohort: A Predictions for postoperative acute kidney injury, B Predictions for postoperative respiratory failure, C Predictions for in-hospital mortality. From left to right: (1) age, (2) duration of anesthesia (DoA), (3) body mass index (BMI), (4) preoperative albumin, (5) preoperative creatinine (sCr), (6) preoperative glucose, (7) aspartate transaminase (AST), (8) preoperative hemoglobin (Hb), (9) preoperative platelet (Plt), (10) preoperative prothrombin time (PTINR), and (11) preoperative white blood cell counts (WBC).