Fig. 5: Overview of dataset components for model development, clinical validation, and external validation. | npj Digital Medicine

Fig. 5: Overview of dataset components for model development, clinical validation, and external validation.

From: Clinical validation of an AI-assisted system for real-time kidney stone detection during flexible ureteroscopic surgery

Fig. 5

The internal dataset was divided into three branches: model development (6170 frames with 11,870 annotated objects, derived from 30 surgical videos), ex vivo validation (191 videos with 1–10 stones arranged at random and 300 single-stone videos), and in vivo validation (100 videos captured during the final 5 min of each procedure). An independent external test set contained 80 surgical videos recorded during the final 5 min of surgery.

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