Fig. 6: Model performance in identifying digital biomarkers of medication response.

a Percentages of patients with PD (N = 19) with significant changes (PwSC) (p < 0.05) in different motion markers between off- and on-medication states. Meanwhile, we only considered those with significant changes that agree with the medication efficacy rated by clinical specialists. For each type of newly extracted spatiotemporal digital biomarker, we present the top three joint points with the highest percentage of patients. The Top-4 indicates the total percentage of patients with significant changes in at least one of the top four spatiotemporal markers. In contrast, the WHA represents those for the combined traditional clinical motion markers. A voting was used when the markers displayed inconsistent significant changes. b Proportions of patients with PD (N = 19) exhibiting significant changes (p < 0.05) in one or multiple markers among the Top-4 spatiotemporal and WHA traditional markers. c Percentages of patients (N = 19) showing significant changes (p < 0.05) in motion markers associated with different joints (the motion markers' changes should be consistent with the rated medication outcomes).