Fig. 4: PDQ-39 and LED.

a Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) Summary Index (SI): Mean PDQ-39 Summary Index scores at baseline, and at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment initiation in the in-clinic and virtual clinic groups. The PDQ-39 is a validated, patient-reported questionnaire assessing Parkinson’s disease-specific health status across eight domains, with higher scores indicating greater impairment and lower scores reflecting better quality of life. Both groups showed improvement from baseline over time. The virtual clinic group had slightly higher baseline impairment but demonstrated comparable or slightly greater reductions at follow-ups. Differences between groups were small and not statistically significant. Data are shown as mean ± SD, with 95% confidence intervals. Additional information is included in Supplementary Table 5. b Levodopa Equivalent Dose (LED): Mean LED values at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months for the in-clinic and virtual clinic groups. LED provides a standardized method to quantify total dopaminergic medication load in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Both groups showed stable LED levels over the 12-month follow-up period, with modest increases observed at 12 months. Differences between groups were small and not statistically significant at most timepoints, although a higher mean LED was noted in the virtual clinic group throughout. Values are presented as mean ± SD, with 95% confidence intervals. ¹The difference (mean comparison) is calculated by: (the average of virtual clinic – the average of in-clinic). Additional information is included in Supplementary Table 6.