Fig. 3: Clinical dataset summary and gas sensor responses.

a Distribution of participants in the HC, LC, and GC groups by sex and age. A total of 206 participants were included: 67 HC, 78 LC, and 61 GC. b Cancer stage distribution of LC and GC patients. Most patients were diagnosed in early stages (I and II), with a smaller number in advanced stages (III and IV). c Representative sensor responses of the multimodal gas sensor array for each group. Transient responses are shown for semiconductor metal oxide (SMO), electrochemical (EC), and photoionization detector (PID) sensors.