Fig. 9: Clinical significance focused comparison between Decentralized Learning and Centralized Learning.

Blue = Decentralized Learning; Green = Centralized Learning; Gray line = Difference. Clinical viability threshold set at 80%. Lines connect DL to centralized model performance. Δ indicates median performance difference (only comparisons with n ≥ 20 shown). A Centralized model rescues clinical viability. B Both models are viable but centralized performs better. C Centralized model loses viability compared to viable DL model.