Fig. 3: Relationship between AI‑ECG age gap and atrial fibrillation presence.
From: Wearable device derived electrocardiographic age and its association with atrial fibrillation
a Distribution of the 48-hour average AI-ECG age gap during sinus rhythm according to atrial fibrillation (AF) status. Overlaid histograms display the proportion of participants within each ECG-age gap bin for those without AF (Non-AF, n = 285; gray) and with AF (AF, n = 1217; blue). The AF group shows a right-shifted distribution, indicating a larger positive ECG-age gap compared with the non-AF group. Vertical dashed lines indicate the mean ECG-age gap for each group, and a Welch’s t-test confirmed a significant difference between groups (t = −3.61, p < 0.001). b Forest plot of adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from a multivariable logistic regression for AF presence in the S-Patch cohort. Each 1-year increment in the AI-ECG sinus age gap is associated with an OR of 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01–1.04), indicating a significant independent predictor of AF. Other covariates include male sex, heart failure, weight, chronological age, smoking status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prior myocardial infarction. The dashed vertical line marks OR = 1; blue markers denote predictors with p < 0.05.
