Table 1 Summary of estimated effect sizes and certainty of evidence

From: Digital health interventions for perioperative patient-reported outcomes: a network meta-analysis

Outcome

SMD (95% CI)

SMD Reexpressed on a Common Scale, MD (95% CI)a

P score

Certainty of Evidence

Anxiety

Extended Reality

0.60 (0.37, 0.84)

8.05 (4.99, 11.27)

0.87

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb

Video(2D)

0.46 (0.18, 0.75)

6.18 (2.42, 10.07)

0.69

⊕⊕⊕⊕ High

Mobile-App

0.38 (−0.03, 0.80)

5.10 (−0.40, 10.74)

0.60

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowb,c

Web-App

0.36 (−0.13, 0.84)

4.83 (−1.74, 11.27)

0.57

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Face-to-face visit

0.19 (−0.54, 0.92)

2.55 (−7.25, 12.35)

0.39

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Telemedicine

0.07 (−0.53, 0.66)

0.94 (−7.12, 8.86)

0.25

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Standard care

Reference

Reference

0.14

Reference

Pain

Mobile-App

0.64 (0.32, 0.95)

1.36 (0.68, 2.02)

0.90

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb

Extended Reality

0.51 (0.26, 0.76)

1.09 (0.55, 1.62)

0.78

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb

Video(2D)

0.32 (−0.06, 0.69)

0.68 (−0.13, 1.47)

0.56

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Web-App

0.30 (−0.54, 1.15)

0.64 (−1.15, 2.45)

0.54

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Telemedicine

0.14 (−0.26, 0.53)

0.3 (−0.55, 1.13)

0.38

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowb,c

Standard care

Reference

Reference

0.20

Reference

Face-to-face visit

−0.09 (−0.58, 0.41)

−0.19 (−1.24, 0.87)

0.14

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Quality of Life

Video(2D)

0.99 (0.11, 1.88)

0.11 (0.01, 0.21)

0.96

⊕⊕⊕⊕ High

Extended Reality

0.40 (−0.11, 0.91)

0.04 (−0.01, 0.10)

0.77

⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowb,c,e

Mobile-App

0.13 (−0.21, 0.46)

0.01 (−0.02, 0.05)

0.59

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Web-App

0.03 (−0.59, 0.66)

0.00 (−0.06, 0.07)

0.47

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,e

Standard care

Reference

Reference

0.41

Reference

Telemedicine

−0.27 (−0.86, 0.32)

−0.03 (−0.09, 0.04)

0.19

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Face-to-face visit

−0.35 (−0.90, 0.19)

−0.04 (−0.10, 0.02)

0.11

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Satisfaction

Extended Reality

1.27 (0.63, 1.91)

1.91 (0.95, 2.86)

0.90

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb

Mobile-App

0.89 (−0.36, 2.14)

1.33 (−0.54, 3.21)

0.76

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Face-to-face visit

0.69 (−0.38, 1.76)

1.03 (−0.57, 2.64)

0.63

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Web-App

0.47 (−0.30, 1.23)

0.70 (−0.45, 1.84)

0.46

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Telemedicine

0.25 (−1.02, 1.52)

0.38 (−1.53, 2.28)

0.29

⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowc,d

Video(2D)

0.22 (−0.37, 0.81)

0.33 (−0.55, 1.22)

0.33

⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatec

Standard care

Reference

Reference

0.15

Reference

  1. SMD standardized mean difference, MD mean difference, CI confidence interval.
  2. aMDs should be interpreted with caution because the results are based on the weighted control group SD for a subset of studies in the analysis that used the most commonly reported scale. The common scales for each outcomes were as follows: State Anxiety Inventory (20–80) for anxiety, Visual Analog Scale (0–10) for pain, EuroQol Five-Dimensional Utility Score (0–1) for quality of life, and Numeric Rating Scale (0–10) for satisfaction.
  3. bDowngraded by 1 level due to concerns about heterogeneity of effect estimates across trials.
  4. cDowngraded by 1 level due to concerns about imprecision; the confidence interval suggests the possibility of a null effect or benefit for either intervention.
  5. dDowngraded by 1 level due to concerns about the indirect certainty being derived from other direct comparison evidence, which is of moderate quality.
  6. eDowngraded by 1 level due to concerns about methodological considerations, including a lack of blinding and, in some cases, other sources of bias.
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