Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Targeting net-zero emissions while advancing other sustainable development goals in China

Nature Sustainability volume 7, pages 1107–1119 (2024)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

The global net-zero transition needed to combat climate change may have profound effects on the energy–food–water–air quality nexus. Accomplishing the net-zero target while addressing other environmental challenges to achieve sustainable development is a policy pursuit for all. Here we develop a multi-model interconnection assessment framework to explore and quantify the co-benefits and trade-offs of climate action for environment-related sustainable development goals in China. We find that China is making progress towards many of the sustainable development goals, but still insufficiently. The net-zero transition leads to substantial sustainability improvements, particularly in energy and water systems. However, the co-benefits alone cannot ensure a sustainable energy–food–water–air quality system. Moreover, uncoordinated policies may exacerbate threats to energy security and food security as variable renewables and bioenergy expand. We urge the implementation of pragmatic measures to increase incentives for demand management, improve food system efficiency, promote advanced irrigation technology and further strengthen air pollutant control measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Projected evolution of sustainable development indicators in China.
Fig. 2: Sustainable development of the AFOLU sector in China.
Fig. 3: Water supply and withdrawal in China.
Fig. 4: Air quality improvement and health benefits in China.
Fig. 5: Economic analysis of the energy–food–water–air quality system transition in China.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The historical socio-economic data used in this study are from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The base year (2019) energy data are based on the energy balance in ‘China Energy Statistics Yearbook 2020’, and reference is made to publicly available data from the International Energy Agency and the China Electricity Council. Cost projections are available in Supplementary Data 4. Unit-level data for the power sector were obtained from the Global Coal Plant Tracker (July 2022)77 and integrated with cooling technology and capacity factor data for each unit from the China Electricity Council78. The scenario data for the CWatM model are available via ISIMIP at https://data.isimip.org/. GLOBIOM-G4M emulation data are also open source and available via GitHub at https://github.com/iiasa/GLOBIOM-G4M_LookupTable. The inputs related to the GAINS-Asia model can be obtained for free by registering on the official website (https://gains.iiasa.ac.at/models/gains_models4.html).

Code availability

The China TIMES 2.0 and China-TIMES-30PE models are based on the TIMES framework, which is open source and available via GitHub at https://github.com/etsap-TIMES/TIMES_model. GAINS-Asia v4.03 provides the online simulation platform, which can be accessed after user registration at https://gains.iiasa.ac.at/models/gains_models4.html. CWatM v1.06 is also an open-source model and is available via GitHub at https://github.com/iiasa/CwatM. The open-source version of the GLOBIOM-G4M model is under preparation. Potential collaborators may be given access to pre-release versions after communicating with the GLOBIOM modelling team. In this study, commercial software such as VEDA 2.0, GAMS 39.3, CPLEX 22.1.0, Gurobi 10.0.1 and ArcGIS Pro 3.2.2 is used. Public software such as Python 3.11 and R 4.2.2 is used for data processing and result visualization.

References

  1. van de Ven, D.-J. et al. A multimodel analysis of post-Glasgow climate targets and feasibility challenges. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 570–578 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pan, X. et al. Energy and sustainable development nexus: a review. Energy Strategy Rev. 47, 101078 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang, C. et al. Realizing ambitions: a framework for iteratively assessing and communicating national decarbonization progress. iScience 25, 103695 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Soergel, B. et al. A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 Agenda. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 656–664 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen, L. et al. Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 20, 2277–2310 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yang, X., Pang, J., Teng, F., Gong, R. & Springer, C. The environmental co-benefit and economic impact of China’s low-carbon pathways: evidence from linking bottom-up and top-down models. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 136, 110438 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cheng, J. et al. A synergistic approach to air pollution control and carbon neutrality in China can avoid millions of premature deaths annually by 2060. One Earth 6, 978–989 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Peng, K. et al. The global power sector’s low-carbon transition may enhance sustainable development goal achievement. Nat. Commun. 14, 3144 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tang, R. et al. Air quality and health co-benefits of China’s carbon dioxide emissions peaking before 2030. Nat. Commun. 13, 1008 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng, J. et al. Pathways of China’s PM2.5 air quality 2015–2060 in the context of carbon neutrality. Natl Sci. Rev. 8, nwab078 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Liu, X. et al. Achieving carbon neutrality enables China to attain its industrial water-use target. One Earth 5, 188–200 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Peng, X. et al. Water-saving co-benefits of CO2 reduction in China’s electricity sector. iScience 26, 106035 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Fujimori, S. et al. Land-based climate change mitigation measures can affect agricultural markets and food security. Nat. Food 3, 110–121 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang, T. et al. Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California. Nat. Sustain. 3, 597–605 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Stenzel, F. et al. Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change. Nat. Commun. 12, 1512 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fuhrman, J. et al. Diverse carbon dioxide removal approaches could reduce impacts on the energy–water–land system. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 341–350 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kılkış, Ş., Krajačić, G., Duić, N., Rosen, M. A. & Al-Nimr, M. d. A. Sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems in the critical decade for climate action. Energy Convers. Manag. 296, 117644 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Venkatramanan, V., Shah, S. & Prasad, R. Exploring Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals (Springer, 2021).

  19. Bennich, T., Persson, Å., Beaussart, R., Allen, C. & Malekpour, S. Recurring patterns of SDG interlinkages and how they can advance the 2030 Agenda. One Earth 6, 1465–1476 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Moallemi, E. A. et al. Early systems change necessary for catalyzing long-term sustainability in a post-2030 agenda. One Earth 5, 792–811 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang, J., Duan, Y., Jiang, H. & Wang, C. China’s energy–water–land system co-evolution under carbon neutrality goal and climate impacts. J. Environ. Manag. 352, 120036 (2024).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Moreno, J. et al. The impacts of decarbonization pathways on Sustainable Development Goals in the European Union. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 136 (2024).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Chinese Academy of Sciences and International Research Center for Big Data for Sustainable Development. Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2023) (Beijing, 2023).

  24. Ren, M. et al. Enhanced food system efficiency is the key to China’s 2060 carbon neutrality target. Nat. Food 4, 552–564 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen, X. et al. Pathway toward carbon-neutral electrical systems in China by mid-century with negative CO2 abatement costs informed by high-resolution modeling. Joule 5, 2715–2741 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Qin, Y. et al. Global assessment of the carbon–water tradeoff of dry cooling for thermal power generation. Nat. Water 1, 682–693 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Wei, Y.-M. et al. Policy and management of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality: a literature review. Engineering 14, 52–63 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang, J., Wang, S., Pradhan, P., Zhao, W. & Fu, B. Untangling the interactions among the Sustainable Development Goals in China. Sci. Bull. 67, 977–984 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Xu, Z. et al. Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. Nature 577, 74–78 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhou, C., Gong, M., Xu, Z. & Qu, S. Urban scaling patterns for sustainable development goals related to water, energy, infrastructure, and society in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 185, 106443 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu, Y. et al. Evenness is important in assessing progress towards sustainable development goals. Natl Sci. Rev. 28, nwaa238 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  32. van Vuuren, D. P. et al. Defining a sustainable development target space for 2030 and 2050. One Earth 5, 142–156 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. TWI2050 - The World in 2050 Innovations for Sustainability. Pathways to an Efficient and Post-Pandemic Future (IIASA, 2020).

  34. Wang, H.-L., Weng, Y.-Y. & Pan, X.-Z. Comparison and analysis of mitigation ambitions of Parties’ updated Nationally Determined Contributions. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 14, 4–12 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. China Water Resources Bulletin 2022 (Ministry of Water Resources, 2023).

  36. National Bureau of Statistics & Ministry of Ecology and Environment China Statistical Yearbook on Environment 2020 (China Statistics Press, 2021).

  37. Zheng, C. & Guo, Z. Plans to protect China’s depleted groundwater. Science 375, 827 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Rafaj, P. et al. Air quality and health implications of 1.5 °C–2 °C climate pathways under considerations of ageing population: a multi-model scenario analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 045005 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021–2035) (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 2020).

  40. Lutsey, N., Cui, H. & Yu, R. Evaluating Electric Vehicle Costs and Benefits in China in the 2020–2035 Time Frame (International Council on Clean Transportation, 2021).

  41. Peng, L. et al. Alternative-energy-vehicles deployment delivers climate, air quality, and health co-benefits when coupled with decarbonizing power generation in China. One Earth 4, 1127–1140 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Li, J., Ho, M. S., Xie, C. & Stern, N. China’s flexibility challenge in achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 158, 112112 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Cao, J., Ho, M. S., Ma, R. & Zhang, Y. Transition from plan to market: imperfect regulations in the electricity sector of China. J. Comp. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2024.01.001 (2024).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Qin, Y. et al. Toward flexibility of user side in China: virtual power plant (VPP) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction. eTransportation 18, 100291 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Xue, L. et al. China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts. Nat. Food 2, 519–528 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. National High-Standard Farmland Construction Plan (2021–2030) (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2021).

  47. Tang, L. et al. Chinese industrial air pollution emissions based on the continuous emission monitoring systems network. Sci. Data 10, 153 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhao, B., Wang, S. & Hao, J. Challenges and perspectives of air pollution control in China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 18, 68 (2024).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhao, X., Ma, X., Chen, B., Shang, Y. & Song, M. Challenges toward carbon neutrality in China: strategies and countermeasures. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 176, 105959 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhang, J., Wang, S., Zhao, W., Meadows, M. E. & Fu, B. Finding pathways to synergistic development of Sustainable Development Goals in China. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 9, 21 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhang, S. & Chen, W. Assessing the energy transition in China towards carbon neutrality with a probabilistic framework. Nat. Commun. 13, 87 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang, S. & Chen, W. China’s energy transition pathway in a carbon neutral vision. Engineering 14, 64–76 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tang, H., Zhang, S. & Chen, W. Assessing representative CCUS layouts for China’s power sector toward carbon neutrality. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 11225–11235 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tang, H., Chen, W., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. China’s multi-sector-shared CCUS networks in a carbon-neutral vision. iScience 26, 106347 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chen, W., Yin, X. & Zhang, H. Towards low carbon development in China: a comparison of national and global models. Clim. Change 136, 95–108 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Chen, W., Yin, X. & Ma, D. A bottom-up analysis of China’s iron and steel industrial energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Appl. Energy 136, 1174–1183 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ma, D., Chen, W., Yin, X. & Wang, L. Quantifying the co-benefits of decarbonisation in China’s steel sector: an integrated assessment approach. Appl. Energy 162, 1225–1237 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Li, N., Ma, D. & Chen, W. Quantifying the impacts of decarbonisation in China’s cement sector: a perspective from an integrated assessment approach. Appl. Energy 185, 1840–1848 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Shi, J., Chen, W. & Yin, X. Modelling building’s decarbonization with application of China TIMES model. Appl. Energy 162, 1303–1312 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang, H., Chen, W. & Huang, W. TIMES modelling of transport sector in China and USA: comparisons from a decarbonization perspective. Appl. Energy 162, 1505–1514 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Huang, W., Ma, D. & Chen, W. Connecting water and energy: assessing the impacts of carbon and water constraints on China’s power sector. Appl. Energy 185, 1497–1505 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Wang, H., Chen, W., Zhang, H. & Li, N. Modeling of power sector decarbonization in China: comparisons of early and delayed mitigation towards 2-degree target. Clim. Change 162, 1843–1856 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Li, N. et al. Air quality improvement co-benefits of low-carbon pathways toward well below the 2 °C climate target in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 5576–5584 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Li, N., Chen, W. & Zhang, Q. Development of China TIMES-30P model and its application to model China’s provincial low carbon transformation. Energy Econ. 92, 104955 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhang, Q. & Chen, W. Modeling China’s interprovincial electricity transmission under low carbon transition. Appl. Energy 279, 115571 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Frank, S. et al. Land-based climate change mitigation potentials within the agenda for sustainable development. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 024006 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. IBF-IIASA Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) Documentation 2023—Version 1.0. (IIASA, 2023).

  68. Burek, P. et al. Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04)—a high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional assessment of integrated water resources management. Geosci. Model Dev. 13, 3267–3298 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Satoh, Y. et al. The timing of unprecedented hydrological drought under climate change. Nat. Commun. 13, 3287 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McCollum, D. L. et al. Energy investment needs for fulfilling the Paris Agreement and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Energy 3, 589–599 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Awais, M. et al. MESSAGEix–GLOBIOM nexus module: integrating water sector and climate impacts. Geosci. Model Dev. 17, 2447–2469 (2024).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Pastor, A. V., Ludwig, F., Biemans, H., Hoff, H. & Kabat, P. Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 5041–5059 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Liu, L. et al. Climate change impacts on planned supply–demand match in global wind and solar energy systems. Nat. Energy 8, 870–880 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Yalew, S. G. et al. Impacts of climate change on energy systems in global and regional scenarios. Nat. Energy 5, 794–802 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Measuring Progress: Environment and the SDGs (UNEP, 2021).

  76. van Soest, H. L., den Elzen, M. G. J. & van Vuuren, D. P. Net-zero emission targets for major emitting countries consistent with the Paris Agreement. Nat. Commun. 12, 2140 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Global Coal Plant Tracker (July 2022) (Global Energy Monitor, 2022).

  78. China Electricity Council China Power Industry Annual Development Report 2020 (China Building Materials Press, 2020).

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Ministry of Education Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities (22JJD480001 to W.C.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71690243 and 51861135102 to W.C.), the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2018YFC1509006 to W.C.), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme ENGAGE (821471 to W.C., V.K., E.B., P.R., B.N., M.A., K.R.) and the China Scholarship Council (202106210195 to S.Z.). The SDG icons used in the figures and tables were created by the United Nations: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/. The content of this publication has not been approved by the United Nations and does not reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Contemporary Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Shu Zhang, Wenying Chen & Qiang Zhang

  2. Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Shu Zhang, Wenying Chen & Qiang Zhang

  3. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria

    Volker Krey, Edward Byers, Peter Rafaj, Binh Nguyen, Muhammad Awais & Keywan Riahi

  4. Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol) and Energy Transitions Initiative, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

    Volker Krey

  5. Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

    Muhammad Awais

  6. Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

    Keywan Riahi

Authors
  1. Shu Zhang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wenying Chen
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qiang Zhang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Volker Krey
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Edward Byers
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Peter Rafaj
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Binh Nguyen
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Muhammad Awais
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Keywan Riahi
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

S.Z., W.C., Q.Z., V.K., E.B., P.R., M.A. and K.R. conceived and designed the study. S.Z., W.C., V.K. and E.B. developed the framework. S.Z. and W.C. formulated the China TIMES 2.0 model. Q.Z. and W.C. conducted downscaling work with the China-TIMES-30PE model. S.Z., W.C., Q.Z., V.K., E.B., P.R., M.A. and K.R. conducted the data search. S.Z., Q.Z., E.B., B.N. and P.R. conducted the simulations. S.Z., W.C., Q.Z., V.K., E.B., P.R., M.A. and K.R. conducted the analysis. S.Z. wrote the first draft of this article. S.Z., W.C., Q.Z., V.K., E.B., P.R., M.A. and K.R. contributed to the revision and improvement of the article.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wenying Chen or Volker Krey.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Sustainability thanks Eric Larson, Jiashuo Li and Alexandros Nikas for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Overall analysis framework for this study.

The schematic diagram shows the input & output, scenario definition and model linkage relationships for this study. The research work is centered on the energy system model China TIMES 2.0, with bi-directional soft links to the land use model GLOBIOM-G4M, and model data interaction with the water model CWatM. The China TIMES 2.0 model passes CO2 mitigation pathways into the China-TIMES-30PE model, thus downscaling to the provincial level and then connecting to the air quality model GAINS-Asia 4. By combining the sustainability constraints with the climate mitigation targets, the three scenarios in this study fully reflect the synergistic effects of climate action and can also indicate solutions for the integrated transition of China’s energy-food-water-air quality system. Credit: icons from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Concentrations maps of PM2.5 from natural and anthropogenic sources in 2030 and 2050.

The figure shows the concentration maps of PM2.5 from natural and anthropogenic sources for the years 2030 and 2050. a Concentrations maps of PM2.5 from natural and anthropogenic sources in 2030, b Concentrations maps of PM2.5 from natural and anthropogenic sources in 2050.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Multiple model interconnection mechanism.

The figure shows the interconnection framework of the national energy system model (China TIMES 2.0), the provincial energy system model (China-TIMES-30PE), the land use simulation model (GLOBIOM-G4M), the water management model (CWatM), and the air quality model (GAINS-Asia 4).

Extended Data Table 1 Summary of scenario definition and model assumption
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Climate zones and provincial abbreviations for the 31 provincial administrative regions of mainland China
Full size table

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information (download PDF )

Supplementary Notes 1–7, Tables 1–4 and Figs. 1–9.

Reporting Summary (download PDF )

Supplementary Data 1 (download XLSX )

Detailed assumptions about CLE strategy in the GAINS-Asia model.

Supplementary Data 2 (download XLSX )

Detailed assumptions about MFR strategy in the GAINS-Asia model.

Supplementary Data 3 (download XLSX )

Key assumptions of the application rates of emission control measures in the GAINS-Asia model.

Supplementary Data 4 (download XLSX )

Cost assumptions for power plants, hydrogen production and energy storage in the China TIMES 2.0 model.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, S., Chen, W., Zhang, Q. et al. Targeting net-zero emissions while advancing other sustainable development goals in China. Nat Sustain 7, 1107–1119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01400-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Version of record:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01400-z

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing Anthropocene

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research, free to your inbox weekly.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Anthropocene