Extended Data Fig. 5: The effect of socioeconomic development levels on the direct and indirect impacts of urbanization on vegetation greenness.
From: Contrasting effects of urbanization on vegetation between the Global South and Global North
a, The relationship between the rate of urban expansion (Δβ) and Human Development Index (HDI). The solid lines indicate significant trends, and the shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. The small dots denote global 4718 cities and the big dots denote the average Δβ for cities in each 0.025 HDI bin. Significance was determined by two-side Student’s t-test (P = 3.1 × 10−223, n = 4718). b, Same as a but for the direct effects on vegetation (ωd) (P = 1.4 × 10−225, n = 4718). c, Same as a but for the indirect effects (ωi) (P = 6.9 × 10−14, n = 4718).
