Fig. 1: Global motor fuel tax transition exposure in absolute terms and relative terms as a percentage of total government revenues.
From: The electric vehicle transition and vanishing fuel tax revenues
a, Fuel tax revenues are shown for taxing countries on the positive y axis (N = 137 countries) and subsidizing countries on the negative y axis (N = 31 countries). Values are calculated for the year 2023 and shown in real 2024 US dollars. Country income levels are grouped according to the World Bank classification. The definition of taxing versus subsidizing countries follows the benchmark gap approach detailed in Methods. The labels for +US$4 and –US$2 billion point to the low-income taxing and subsidizing countries, respectively, in bright pink. b, Fuel tax revenues as a percentage of total government revenues for all countries (N = 136), high-income countries (N = 51), upper-middle-income countries (N = 35), lower-middle-income countries (N = 36) and low-income countries (N = 14) for the year 2023. The lower and upper box boundaries represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The line inside the box represents the median, and the lower and upper whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum of all the data, respectively. The black dots connected by the dashed black line represent the average within each country grouping. Note that the total number of countries in b is lower due to data availability constraints (see Methods for further explanation). See Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2, which display a sensitivity analysis of this figure with high and low benchmark assumptions (Los Angeles CARBOB and Singapore Mogas 92 RON, respectively) for refined gasoline and diesel. See also Supplementary Fig. 3, which reproduces this figure with four outlier countries (Benin, Jordan, Yemen and Venezuela) adjusted.
