Fig. 2: Country-specific fuel tax transition exposure versus institutional quality.
From: The electric vehicle transition and vanishing fuel tax revenues
Fuel tax revenue exposure, on the y axis, is calculated as motor fuel tax revenues as a percentage of total government revenues for the year 2023. Institutional quality, on the x axis, is assessed per country on the basis of the World Governance Indicators from the World Bank Group for the year 2023. See Supplementary Note 1 for a full description of how each axis is calculated. The countries are colour-coded to indicate income level according to the World Bank classification. High-, upper-middle-, lower-middle- and low-income countries are shown in dark green, light green, light pink and dark pink, respectively. The countries are shape-coded to indicate the presence of a debt crisis according to data from the Justice Debt Portal. Countries in a debt crisis are depicted with triangles and countries not in a debt crisis with shaded circles. The 19 countries where debt crisis data are missing are depicted with hollowed circles. We found a negative correlation (Pearson coefficient r = −0.27 for 115 taxing countries) between fuel tax transition exposure and institutional quality. See Supplementary Fig. 4, which reproduces this figure with four outlier countries (Benin, Jordan, Yemen and Venezuela) adjusted.
