Fig. 3: Effect of G12(S) on the propagation of 229E and SARS-CoV-2.

a 229E NP levels in 229E-infected LLC-MK2 cells after 2, 3, and 4 dpi were determined by western blotting. The graph indicates changes in NP/actin ratio (n = 3, normalized with the ratio of G12(S) (−) at 2 dpi as 1) of western blotting experiments. b 229E RNA in the infected cells (left) and in the culture medium (right). c Reduction of 229E virus titers in the presence of G12(S) in the medium. LLC-MK2 cells were infected by 229E for 3 and 4 dpi. d 229E RNA number in the culture media per viral infectious titer are shown. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA (e) and titers (f) in the medium of the virus-infected VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells (MOI = 0.01) in the presence of 1 and 2 μM G12(S) at 24 and 48 hpi. g SARS-CoV-2 medium RNA per infection titer (pfu). Data are shown box-and-whisker plots including all data plots with the P-values. Statistical analyses of the G12(S) effect by Two-Way ANOVA (a n = 3, F(1,4) = 116.5, P = 0.0004); b left, n = 3, F(1, 2) = 1015, P < 0.0001; b right, n = 3, F(1,4) = 60.59, P = 0.0015; c n = 3, F(1,4) = 13.62, P = 0.0210; d n = 3, F(1, 4) = 818.5, P < 0.0001) or by REML model (e n = 3, F(2, 6) = 6.227, P = 0.0344; f n = 3, F(2, 6) = 11.20, P = 0.0094; g n = 3, F(2, 12) = 24.12, P < 0.0001). Sidak’s multiple comparison test (a–c) and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (e–g) were used and the P-values are indicated.