Fig. 1: Illustration of Mactop.

A Higher-order interaction reads data (top left) and paired reads data (top right). Higher-order interaction reads are decomposed into multiple paired reads through pairwise decomposition (bottom left) and then mapped to Hi-C interaction matrices (bottom right) based on a specified chromatin fragment length (resolution). B The mactop workflow for TAD identification in fixed-length chromatin segments. First, resample and add noise to the interaction matrix. Then, the interaction graph is constructed and clustered. From the clustering results, a consensus matrix is generated. TAD boundaries are then determined based on the consensus boundary score. C The left figure shows the heatmap of TADs identified based on the Hi-C interaction graph. The middle figure displays the heatmap of TAD communities identified from the TAD interaction graph. The right figure presents the heatmap of chromunities identified from the higher-order interaction graph.