Fig. 2: CKD-stroke complex model induction and validation.

Graphs represent A changes in body weight throughout 28 day-Adenine diet (n = 4 and 5 biologically independent animals). Changes in urine levels of- B Creatinine (n = 6 in 0, 7 and 14 days and n = 5 in 21 and 28 days biologically independent animals), C Urea (n = 6 in 0, 7 and 14 days and n = 5 in 21 and 28 days biologically independent animals), D Uric acid (n = 6 in 0, 7 and 14 days and n = 5 in 21 and 28 days biologically independent animals), E Albumin (n = 6 biologically independent animals). Changes in serum levels of- F Creatinine (n = 6 in 7 and 14 days, n = 5 in 0 and 21 days and n = 4 in 28 days biologically independent animals), G Urea (n = 6 in 7 and 14 days, n = 5 in 0 and 21 days and n = 4 in 28 days biologically independent animals), H Uric acid (n = 6 in 7 and 14 days, n = 5 in 0 and 21 days and n = 4 in 28 days biologically independent animals), and I Cystatin c (n = 5 biologically independent animals). J Concentration of homocysteine in brain of different groups (n = 5 biologically independent animals). K Representative H and E and Masson Trichome-stained kidney sections of healthy and CKD rats (scale bar 50 µm), L Representative TEM images showing structural perturbations of ER in different groups (scale bar 0.5 µm). Data are expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed for statistical significance using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (image A–H)/Kruskal–Walis’s test (image I, J), and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.5.