Fig. 1: Schematic analysis procedure.

a Obtain fMRI data for 243 participants from the OASIS-3 dataset. b Perform functional connectivity (FC) analysis on the GM, WM, and whole brain. c Perform graph theory analysis on the functional networks of GM, WM, and whole brain separately. d Average all the FC connected to each given brain region to get regional FC strength (RFCS) and conduct the Kruskal–Wallis test on RFCS of GM or WM regions among CU, MCI, and AD groups. e First, partial least squares (PLS) regression was utilized to model the relationship between the brain changes among clinical groups and transcriptional profile. Next, the gene sets filtered according to the score of the first component of PLS (PLS1) (Z > |3|) were submitted to enrichment analysis on Metascape. The enriched gene ontology biological processes were overlapped with genome-wide meta-analysis studies (GWAS). Finally, the PLS1 gene sets were sorted into different cell types.