Fig. 5: Model for the secretion of DypB3152 and the bio-designed DypB3152 nanodevice.

a Model for delivering DypB3152 to the extracellular space. DypB3152, VgrG, and Hcp interact with each other and then are shuttled across the inner membrane via the T6SS baseplate components. VgrG and Hcp could assemble into the T6SS apparatus, while the periplasmic DypB is then incorporated into OMVs. The OMV-coated DypB is finally delivered to the extracellular space. b Schematic illustration of the bio-designed DypB3152 nanoreactor for lignin biocatalysis. DypB3152 is first displayed on the surface of OMVs, and then the OMV yield is increased by genetic manipulation and OVAT. The synthetic nanoreactor can efficiently deliver DypB on the surface of OMVs, contributing to lignin degradation.