Fig. 2: Zingerone impacts femoral metabolism in OVX mice.

A PCA score plot after 8 weeks of zingerone treatment (n = 6 per group). B PLS-DA score plot of zingerone (100 mg/kg) treatment for 8 weeks (n = 6 per group). C The PLS-DA model was validated through 200 permutation tests, demonstrating its effectiveness without overfitting (n = 6 per group). D Heatmap illustrating the effect of zingerone treatment on bone metabolites (n = 6 per group). E Pathway analysis of differentially abundant metabolites. F Stem plot of the top 40 significantly differentially abundant metabolites. Red indicates increased levels after treatment, while blue indicates decreased levels after treatment.