Fig. 2: Effects of GDF11 treatment on angiogenesis in HUVECs.

A CCK-8 assay of GDF11 in HUVECs (n = 3 per group), compared with control group (0 ng/μl). B The Real-time PCR was performed to detect GDF11, CD31 and VEGFA expression in control (untreated), MP-treated, and MP + GDF11-treated groups (n = 3 per group). C Representative immunofluorescence images of HUVECs in control (untreated), MP-treated, and MP + GDF11-treated groups, red (CD31), green (phalloidine), blue (nuclei). Scale bar = 20 μm. D Quantitative analysis of mean fluorescence in different groups (n = 3 per group). E Western blotting was performed to detect CD31 and VEGFA protein expression in control (untreated), MP-treated, and MP + GDF11-treated groups. F, G Quantification of Western blotting analysis in different groups (n = 3 per group). H Transwell assay and Tube formation assay in control (untreated), MP-treated, and MP + GDF11-treated groups. Scale bar = 200 μm (upper panel) and 100 μm (lower panel). I Quantification of migrated cells from Transwell assays in control (untreated), MP-treated, and MP + GDF11-treated groups (n = 3 per group). J Quantification of total branching points, total length and total meshes area in different groups (n = 3 per group). K, L Scratch assay for 0, 12, 24, and 48 h and quantitative analysis of different groups (n = 3 per group). Scale bar = 200 μm. Significant differences are indicated as follows: ns P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001.