Table 1 Comparison of trap-stiffness with established methods at similar laser intensities

Proposed Tweezer

2D/Planar

~0.36

Yes

Less

Holographic Tweezer (ref. ³⁸)

Multiple Spots

~1.8

Yes

High

Bessel-beam Traps (ref. ³⁹)

Single Spot

~4.0

–

Less