Fig. 4: Spatiotemporal and climatic drivers of intra-lineage genomic variation in B. melitensis.

A, B Relationships between pairwise genomic similarity (ANI and gene content similarity) and geographic distance and time interval of sampling across isolates. Lines represent smoothed GAM fits, with shaded areas indicating 95% confidence intervals. C, D Estimated effects of climate factor differences on ANI and gene content similarity stratified by lineage. Each point represents the effect size, and error bars indicate a 95% confidence interval. Asterisks indicate statistically significant associations (p < 0.05).