Fig. 4: Distribution and admixture time of East Asian and South Asian ancestry in modern AA speakers.

Populations (n = 29; Supplementary Data 1) are distinguished by symbols and colors encoding language branches. a SOURCEFIND estimates of ancestry proportions in AA groups. b Biplot of f4(W, Maniq; South Asian/East Asian, Mbuti) statistics, for comparing the excess shared genetic drift between AA-speaking populations with South Asian ancestry (Brahmin Tiwari) or East Asian ancestry (Yi). The red solid line represents a linear fit of the plotted f4 statistics tests for previously published AA-speaking populations4,14,15,20,63,82,83,84, with the gray shading representing the 95% confidence interval. c Date of East Asian/South Asian admixture events inferred by fastGLOBETROTTER. The blue bars represent the admixture times with East Asian, and the pink bars represent the admixture times with South Asian.The box plot displays admixture dates estimated from 100 bootstrap replicates (n = 15; Supplementary Data 2), where the boxes represent the interquartile rage (25−75%) of bootstrap estimates, the line inside the box represents the median, and the whiskers extend to the most extreme points that fall within 1.5 times the interquartile range, and individual points represent outliers. The results correspond to one-date (n = 14; Supplementary Data 3) or one-date-multiway (Paluang; Supplementary Data 3) results, using Yi/Brahmin_Tiwari and Mlabri as surrogates (Methods).