Fig. 3: Differential T cell immune responses between GDM and NP groups.

A Volcano plot depicting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T cells between the GDM and NP groups. Genes with |log2(FC)| ≥0.25 and adjusted p < 0.05 are labeled with their respective gene symbols. B Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DGEs in total T cells between the GDM and NP groups. C Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DGEs in T cells between the GDM and NP groups. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed using GO terms and KEGG pathways. D Boxplots showing defined-effector scores across different T cell subtypes. E Boxplots showing defined-cytotoxicity scores across different T cell subtypes. F Boxplots showing immune response regulating signaling pathway scores across different T cell subtypes. G Boxplots showing regulation of T cell activation scores across different T cell subtypes. H Boxplots showing positive regulation of lymphocyte activation scores across different T cell subtypes. I Comparison of defined effector scores differences between the GDM and NP groups in CD8⁺ NKT, CD8⁺ CTL-GZMK, and CD8⁺ CTL-GNLY cell subtypes. J Comparison of defined-cytotoxicity scores differences between the GDM and NP groups in CD8⁺ NKT, CD8⁺ CTL-GZMK, and CD8⁺ CTL-GNLY cell subtypes. K Comparison of immune response regulating signaling pathway scores differences between the GDM and NP groups in CD8⁺ NKT, CD8⁺ CTL-GZMK, and CD8⁺ CTL-GNLY cell subtypes. L Comparison of regulation of T cell activation scores differences between the GDM and NP groups in CD8⁺ NKT, CD8⁺ CTL-GZMK and CD8⁺ CTL-GNLY cell subtypes. M Comparison of positive regulation of lymphocyte activation scores between the GDM and NP groups in CD8⁺ NKT, CD8⁺ CTL-GZMK and CD8⁺ CTL-GNLY cell subtypes. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess score differences between each T cell subtype and total T cells, as well as between the GDM and NP groups. Statistical significance is indicated above the boxplots. In D–H, the dotted line represents the average score of total T cells.