Table 1 Comparison of baseline and pregnancy characteristics between women with GDM and women with NP undergoing ART

From: Single-cell and proteomic profiling unveil aberrant immune phenotypes in gestational diabetes following assisted reproductive technology

Characteristics

All participants

NP

GDM

(n = 63)

(n = 31)

(n = 32)

Pre-pregnancy stage

 Age (years)

30.78 ± 3.09

30.58 ± 2.71

30.97 ± 3.46

 BMI (kg/m2)

21.90 ± 2.42

21.66 ± 2.10

22.13 ± 2.72

Infertility diseases

Chronic salpingitis

 No

28 (44.44)

11 (35.48)

17 (53.13)

 Yes

35 (55.56)

20 (64.52)

15 (46.88)

Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

 No

60 (95.24)

28 (90.32)

32 (100)

 Yes

3 (4.76)

3 (9.68)

0 (0)

Tubal obstruction

 No

52 (82.54)

24 (77.42)

28 (87.5)

 Yes

11 (17.46)

7 (22.58)

4 (12.5)

Ovulatory dysfunction

 No

47 (74.6)

23 (74.19)

24 (75)

 Yes

16 (25.4)

8 (25.81)

8 (25)

Diminished ovarian reserve

 No

61 (96.83)

31 (100)

30 (93.75)

 Yes

2 (3.17)

0 (0)

2 (6.25)

Endometriosis

 No

59 (93.65)

28 (90.32)

31 (96.88)

 Yes

4 (6.35)

3 (9.68)

1 (3.13)

Intrauterine adhesions

 No

59 (93.65)

30 (96.77)

29 (90.63)

 Yes

4 (6.35)

1 (3.23)

3 (9.38)

Endometrial polyps

 No

51 (80.95)

26 (83.87)

25 (78.13)

 Yes

12 (19.05)

5 (16.13)

7 (21.88)

Adenomyosis

 No

62 (98.41)

30 (96.77)

32 (100)

 Yes

1 (1.59)

1 (3.23)

0 (0)

Ovarian cyst

 No

62 (98.41)

30 (96.77)

32 (100)

 Yes

1 (1.59)

1 (3.23)

0 (0)

Duration of infertility (years)

 <3

38 (60.32)

19 (59.38)

19 (61.29)

 3–5

16 (25.40)

8 (25.00)

8 (25.81)

 ≥5

9 (14.29)

5 (15.63)

4 (12.90)

Embryo transfer cycle (%)

 Frozen embryo transfer

46 (73.02)

22 (70.97)

24 (75.00)

 Fresh embryo transfer

17 (26.98)

9 (29.03)

8 (25.00)

ART type (%)

 ICSI

16 (25.40)

7 (22.58)

9 (28.13)

 IVF

47 (74.60)

24 (77.42)

23 (71.88)

 AMH (ng/mL)

5.56 (3.21–8.91)

5.53 (3.51–7.30)

6.09 (2.99–8.95)

 FSH (IU/L)

6.01 ± 2.13

6.26 ± 2.42

5.78 ± 1.83

 LH (IU/L)

3.39 (1.27–5.34)

3.20 (1.13–5.19)

3.70 (1.61–5.89)

 E2 (pg/mL)

31.26 (20.53–38.68)

31.45 (17.27–38.53)

29.82 (24.78–43.32)

 P (ng/mL)

1.72 (1.11–2.50)

1.46 (0.95–2.19)

1.94 (1.30–2.77)

 PRL (μg/L)

12.52 (8.13–17.03)

12.88 (9.51–16.79)

11.96 (7.81–17.20)

 T (ng/dL)

40.02 (27.36–56.91)

38.15 (28.22–51.81)

40.79 (27.15–57.84)

 TSH (μmol/L)

1.81 (1.22–2.51)

1.89 (1.04–2.72)

1.66 (1.30–2.34)

 FT3 (pg/mL)

3.15 ± 0.33

3.11 ± 0.31

3.19 ± 0.34

 FT4 (pg/mL)

0.95 ± 0.16

0.95 ± 0.15

0.95 ± 0.17

 T3 (μg/dl)

0.99 (0.94–1.12)

1.07 (0.92–1.15)

0.99 (0.94–1.10)

 T4 (μg/dl)

9.35 ± 1.56

9.28 ± 1.44

9.42 ± 1.68

 White cell counts (×109/L)

6.64 ± 2.02

6.48 ± 1.96

6.79 ± 2.10

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

67.33 ± 8.97

68.10 ± 8.51

66.59 ± 9.47

 Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

4.08 ± 0.89

4.05 ± 1.06

4.11 ± 0.70

 DBLL (μmol/L)

1.80 (1.50–2.30)

1.80 (1.60–2.30)

1.90 (1.40–2.53)

 ALT (U/L)

14.00 (10.00–22.00)

13.00 (9.00–23.00)

14.00 (11.25–21.00)

 AST (U/L)

18.00 (15.00–23.00)

17.00 (15.00–22.00)

18.00 (16.00–23.00)

 GGT (U/L)

14.00 (12.00–22.00)

14.00 (11.00–26.00)

15.00 (12.00–20.75)

 TG (mmol/L)

1.00 (0.80–1.39)

1.00 (0.77–1.35)

0.99 (0.86–1.53)

 TC (mmol/L)

4.64 ± 0.90

4.67 ± 0.97

4.62 ± 0.84

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.45 ± 0.31

1.43 ± 0.26

1.47 ± 0.34

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.33 ± 0.59

2.39 ± 0.62

2.26 ± 0.56

 FBG (mmol/L)

4.94 ± 0.48

4.76 ± 0.43

5.11 ± 0.47**

 SBP (mmHg)

114.48 ± 12.16

110.48 ± 10.84

118.34 ± 12.28**

 DBP (mmHg)

68.52 ± 8.04

65.52 ± 6.38

71.44 ± 8.50**

Clinical pregnancy (4–6 weeks)

 BMI (kg/m2)

22.20 ± 2.31

21.86 ± 1.99

22.58 ± 2.62

 FPG (mmol/L)

4.71 ± 0.43

4.62 ± 0.43

4.80 ± 0.42

 SBP (mmHg)

109.17 ± 11.47

107.31 ± 12.30

111.36 ± 10.23

 DBP (mmHg)

70.85 ± 7.03

69.92 ± 6.95

71.95 ± 7.12

Second-trimester (24–28 weeks)

OGTT at 24–28 weeks of gestation

 FPG (mmol/L)

4.54 ± 0.61

4.34 ± 0.34

4.75 ± 0.76**

 1-h glucose (mmol/L)

9.11 ± 2.07

7.65 ± 1.53

10.53 ± 1.43***

 2-h glucose (mmol/L)

8.02 ± 2.10

6.80 ± 0.88

9.21 ± 2.26***

 SBP (mmHg)

113.56 ± 11.58

111.43 ± 12.66

115.48 ± 10.34

 DBP (mmHg)

67.90 ± 8.04

67.00 ± 8.10

68.71 ± 8.03

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.25 ± 2.84

23.94 ± 2.43

24.54 ± 3.18

 Fundal height (cm)

23.49 ± 2.10

23.33 ± 1.21

23.63 ± 2.66

 Abdominal circumference (cm)

89.60 ± 6.76

89.96 ± 6.32

89.29 ± 7.21

 TC (mmol/L)

6.01 ± 0.85

6.17 ± 0.91

5.88 ± 0.79

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

2.80 ± 0.59

2.93 ± 0.64

2.69 ± 0.53

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

1.87 ± 0.41

1.86 ± 0.31

1.87 ± 0.48

 TG (mmol/L)

2.43 ± 0.91

2.54 ± 0.95

2.34 ± 0.87

  1. Continuous data with a normal distribution was presented as mean ± standard deviation, while data with a non-normal distribution was presented as the median (interquartile range). Group differences were assessed using independent sample t-tests for continuous variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for non-normal distributed variables. Categorical variables were compared using absolute numbers (percentages), and group differences were analyzed using chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact probability method. Significant differences were shown in bold.
  2. GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, ART assisted reproductive technology, NP normal pregnancy, BMI body mass index, ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection, IVF in vitro fertilization, AMH anti-mullerian hormone, FSH follicle-stimulating hormone, LH luteinizing hormone, E2 estradiol, P progesterone, PRL prolactin, T testosterone, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone, FT3 free triiodothyronine, FT4 free thyroxine, T3 triiodothyronine, T4 thyroxine, DBLL direct bilirubin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test.
  3. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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