Fig. 1

Time evolution of C6H13NO6 THNs measured by NO3-CIMS. In the presence of a variety of seed aerosols, the THNs condense at similar rates for similar starting surface areas, but equilibrate at different gas-phase concentrations depending on available cOA (listed numbers measured at ~800 s) and activity coefficients at equilibrium. Note that the experiments shown have similar initial CS timescales (63–192 s, Supplementary Table 2), significantly slower than the 10 s oxidation, so the measured maximum peaks may slightly underestimate the peak gas-phase concentrations by up to ~15%, as a ratio of the two timescales. All traces have been binomially smoothed across 20 1-s points for visual clarity and scaled to the maximum for comparison. Mass concentrations of α-pinene/O3 SOA were included in cOA