Table 2 Optimization for in situ generation of (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl electrophile from 7a and its nucleophilic substitution with NaN3 in a microflow reactor.

From: Verification of preparations of (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl electrophiles and development of their microflow rapid generation and substitution

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Entry

Reagent

X (Equiv.)a

Time (s)

Yield (%)b

3b

7a

1

PBr3

0.500

0.02

77

Trace

2

PCl3

0.500

0.02

52

4

3

POCl3

0.500

0.02

n.d.

>99

4c

AcBr

1.50

0.02

4

61

5c

AcCl

1.50

0.02

n.d.

>99

6c

Ac2O

1.50

0.02

n.d.

67

7c

Tf2O

1.50

0.02

8

38

8c

MsCl

1.50

0.02

29

41

9c

TsCl

1.50

0.02

n.d.

n.d.

10

SOBr2

0.750

0.02

7

23

11

SOCl2

0.750

0.02

15

16

12

PBr3

0.500

0.05

60

n.d.

13

PBr3

0.500

0.1

54

n.d.

14

PBr3

0.500

0.5

20

n.d.

15

PBr3

0.350

0.02

84

n.d.

16d

PBr3

0.350

0.02

74

n.d.

17e

PBr3

0.350

0.02

93 ± 2f

n.d.

18e,g

PBr3

0.350

10

n.d.f

n.d.

  1. aThe reagent quantities were changed based on the reaction mechanism. Theoretically, 1 equiv. of PBr3, PCl3, or POCl3 can convert 3 equiv. of alcohol to the alkyl halide, 1 equiv. of SOBr2, or SOCl2 can convert 2 equiv. of alcohol, and 1 equiv. of AcBr, AcCl, Ac2O, Tf2O, MsCl, or TsCl can convert equimolar quantities of alcohol.
  2. bYields were determined by 1H NMR analysis using 1,1,2-trichloroethane as an internal standard.
  3. cNEt3 was added with a solution of 7a instead of a solution of NaN3.
  4. dThe reaction was carried out at 0 °C.
  5. e0.0500 M solution of 7a was used.
  6. fThree independent experiments were performed.
  7. gReaction mixture was magnetically stirred (1000 rpm) under batch conditions.