Fig. 1: Comparison of the sample preparation required for LC-MS, HILIC-Fld, and HPAEC-PAD.

a Illustrates the seven required steps to obtain the results via LC-MS, encompassing denaturation, reduction, PNGase F and protease digestion, centrifugation, injection, and analyses. b The nine necessary steps to acquire the results are outlined, involving denaturation, PNGase F digestion, purification, evaporation, labeling, purification, sialidase treatment, injection, and analyses. Lastly, c highlights the four essential steps prior to obtaining the results via HPAEC-PAD, encompassing TFA or sialidase cleavage, evaporation, injection, and analyses.