Fig. 2: Gas phase product analysis from the heterogeneous reaction of gas phase NO2 with solutions of GA.

A Hierarchical cluster analysis of 765 ions detected in ESI+ mode upon heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with GA/Fe(III)/NO3− ([GA] = 1 × 10−6 mol L−1, [NO3−] = 0.05 mol L−1, [Fe(III)] = 1 × 10−6 mol L−1) in the dark. The normalized signal intensity in the hierarchical cluster is presented by a color-coded scale; i.e., the signal intensity increases from dark blue (normalized value of −3) to wine red (normalized value of 3). B Paired sample t test showing a significant difference (****p < 0.0001) in the concentration of each ion at the NO2 stage and zero-air stage in the dark. C A mass spectrum of the observed ions in ESI+ mode. Different formula groups are color-coded. The pie chart shows the proportion of CHO+, CHON+, CHN+, and unassigned peaks among all observed product compounds in the dark. D Real-time formation profiles of four product compounds that have been detected during the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with GA/NO3−/Fe(III) in the dark. All of the data displayed here correspond to the products detected in ESI+ mode.