Fig. 5: Reaction scheme towards 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane.

Hydrogenation of acetoin to 2,3-BDO catalyzed by the [Ru(triphos)(tmm)] catalyst at 90 °C and 100 bar. Further, a transformation of 2,3-BDO, CO2, and H2 to 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane catalysed by the same [Ru(triphos)(tmm)] catalyst and a Lewis acid at 90 °C and 80 bar CO2/H2 in a ratio of 1:3 is presented.