Fig. 6: Penetration depth plots for various atomic statistics.

a Isotropic displacement, b maximum intensity, c degree of isotropy (DOI), and d validation correlation versus radial depth for each of the eight NPs. Each point is an average of five atoms with similar radial positions. Red dashed lines show fits using Eq. 1. Vertical dashed lines indicate the penetration depth \(\delta\) estimated from the fit. Best fit values for parameters \(m\) and \(c\) are also shown.