Fig. 5: DFT calculation.

The binding energy of CO2 and H2O to a Cu(111) and Cu(311) surfaces of bulk metal, b Cu atom embedded in a vacancy defect in graphene and adsorbed on pristine graphene.

The binding energy of CO2 and H2O to a Cu(111) and Cu(311) surfaces of bulk metal, b Cu atom embedded in a vacancy defect in graphene and adsorbed on pristine graphene.