Fig. 2: Electrochemical characterization of HCCEs.

A CVs of HCCE composite electrode cycled three times between 2.5 and 3.75 V showing the first (black), second (blue), and third (purple) cycles. B Five CV cycles of HCCE between 2.5 and 4.3 V showing the first (black), second (light blue), third (light purple), fourth (dark blue), and fifth (berry) cycles. C Galvanostatic charge (blue) and discharge (black) curves of HCCE at a current density of 0.72 mA g−1 between 2.9 and 4.5 V. WE: HCCE; CE: Li; RE: Li; Electrolyte: LiPaste generation-2 LIB electrolyte (Tomiyama), see Supplementary Information for full details.