Fig. 1: Progress and working mechanism of metal–sulfur batteries, including Al–S systems.
From: Progress, pitfalls, and prospects in emerging materials for aluminum-sulfur batteries
a Evolution of specific capacity and cycle life of metal–sulfur batteries from 2000 to 2024. b Schematic of the discharge process in metal–sulfur batteries. c Energy band diagrams showing interfacial energy alignment and electrochemical stability at different interfaces in metal–sulfur batteries. d Comparison of electrolytes used in Al–S batteries, and the overall redox reactions during discharge, showing charge carriers and sulfur reduction pathways.
