Table 3 Comparison of various functionalization strategies for PDA-based colorimetric sensors

From: Surface functionalization strategies for polydiacetylene-based colorimetric sensors

Functionalization strategy	Fabrication method	Type of used PDA	Functionalization agent	Target analysis	Reaction time	Linear detection range	LOD	Refs.
Chemical functional group	Drop casting	PCDA	Imidazole	Fe³⁺	10 min	3 × 10⁷–10¹¹ CFU mL⁻¹	9 μM	¹³
Chemical functional group	Drop casting	PCDA	Imidazole	NADPH	3 min	7–245 μM	23.5 nM	⁷²
Chemical functional group	Wax screen printing	PCDA	Amine-terminated linker	dsDNA	1 min	0–1.8 μM	10 nM	²⁰²
Chemical functional group	Sonnication self-assembly	PCDA	Phenylboronic acid	Pb²⁺	10 s	10–10 nM	0.1 μM	¹³³
Chemical functional group	Self-assembly	PCDA	9-Aminoacridine (9AA)	dsDNA	60 min	0–30 μM	20 nM	⁸⁶
Chemical functional group	Self-assembly	PCDA	Diaminotriazine	Thymine ^,Oligothymidine	60 min	1–100 nM	12.6 nM^,14.6 nM	¹³⁵
Chemical functional group	Sonnication self-assembly	PCDA	4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and malonitrile	CN^-	5 min	0–1500 μM	0.55 μM	²⁷
Chemical functional group	Sonnication self-assembly	PCDA	Galloyl group	Pb²⁺	5 min	0–10 μM	1.329 μM	⁸²
Chemical functional group	Self-assembly	PCDA	Alendronate	Pb²⁺	1 min	0–10 μm	83 μm	²⁰³
Chemical functional group	Sonnication self-assembly	PCDA	Sodium alendronate	Biogenic polyamines: ^,Spermine (SP)^,Spermidine (SPD)^,Putrescine (PUT)^,Cadaverine (CAD)	1 min	0.1–1 μM (SP & SPD)^,1 – 10 Μm (PUT & CAT)	4.33 ppb (SP)^,5.1 ppb (SPD)^,10.1 ppb (PUT)^,10.7 ppb (CAD)	⁸⁸
Ligand	Carboiimide method	PCDA	Aptamer	E coli O157:H7 S.typhimurium^,V.parahaemolyticus	30 min	10–10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹^,10–10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹^,10–10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹	39 CFU mL⁻¹^,60 CFU mL⁻¹^,60 CFU mL⁻¹	⁴³
Ligand	Impregnation	PCDA	Fibrinogen	Staphylococcus aureus	60 min	0–6.5 × 10⁶CFU mL⁻¹	65 CFU mL⁻¹ (in pure culture)^,50.1 CFU mL⁻¹ (in food matrices)	²⁰⁴
Ligand	Self-assembly	PCDA	GSH tripeptide	GST-fusion protein	15 min	0–50 μM	13.4 μM	²⁰⁵
Ligand	Drop casting	PCDA	Histidine	Pb²⁺	7 s	0–37 μM	0.04 μM	⁶⁹
Ligand	Self-assembly	PCDA	cDNA-urease	Microcystin-LR	60 min	5–100 ng mL⁻¹	1 ng mL⁻¹	²⁰⁶
Ligand	Self-assembly	PCDA	Anti-CD63 monoclonal antibody	Exosome	30 min	1 × 10⁸–3 × 10⁹ vesicles mL⁻¹	3 × 10⁸ vesicles mL⁻¹	¹⁴²
Ligand	Drop casting	PCDA	Streptavidin-biotin-modified DES	Diethylstilbestrol (DES)	60 min	2–1250 ng mL⁻¹	0.85 ng mL⁻¹ (smartphone-based)^,10 ng mL⁻¹ (naked-eye, paper-based sensor)	²⁰⁷
Ligand	Thin film hydration	TCDA	Anti-AFB1	Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)	5 min	5–50 ppb	17.3 ppb	²⁰⁸
Ligand	Self-assembly	TCDA-NHS	Aptamer	Salmonella typhimurium	15 min	5–50 ppb	1 × 10³ CFU mL⁻¹	⁷
Ligand	Self-assembly	TCDA-NHS	Aptamer	Malignant exosomes	15 min	1 × 10³ – 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹	3.66 × 10⁴ particles μL^-1	⁸³
Ligand	Solvent evaporation method	TCDA-NHS	Aptamer	Bacillus thuringiensis spores	60 min	7 × 10⁴–10⁵ particles mL⁻¹	3 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹	⁴⁴
Nanomaterials	Sonnication self-assembly	PCDA	Zn²⁺/ZnO	CTAB	1 min	0–50 mM	0.5 mM	⁴¹
Nanomaterials	Drop casting	PCDA	ZnO	Propionic acid	30 s	0.1–667 mM	10 mM	⁹⁰
Nanomaterials	Microarray spotting	PCDA	AuNPs	Human immunoglobulin E	30 min	0.01–10.000 ng mL⁻¹	0.1 ng mL⁻¹	¹⁹⁴
Others	Spray coating	PCDA	Iron chloride	H₂O₂	240 min	3–94 ppm	0.2–3 ppm	¹

Main functionalization strategies involve chemical functional groups, ligands, and nanomaterials.

Back to article page

Table 3 Comparison of various functionalization strategies for PDA-based colorimetric sensors

Search

Quick links