Fig. 4: Experimental results for the exponential-decay network (dmax = 6).

a Network structure of each neuron on a ring lattice structure composed of 100 neurons. The coupling strength between neurons is exponentially decreased depending on a distance \(r=\left|i-j\right|\) as \(\varGamma \left(r\right)={2}^{{d}_{\max }-r-1}\) with \(0{ < r < d}_{\max }=6\) and \(\varGamma \left(r\right)=0\) otherwise. b, c \({g}_{0}\left(t\right)\) and \({h}_{0}\) indices, d, e rotation phase of DOPO neurons, f, g local curvature for weak (\(P/{\omega }_{0}=0.5\)) and strong (\(P/{\omega }_{0}=2.6\)) pump amplitudes with \(K/{\omega }_{0}=0.008\) and \(0.017\), respectively.