Fig. 5: Population dynamics and energy funneling mechanisms.

a Population dynamics of the perovskite model presented over a duration of 250 ps with a time resolution of 1 fs. The hollow blue, red, and yellow circles correspond to the population data of the 5-layer, 4-layer, and 3-layer systems, respectively. The solid blue, red, and yellow lines represent the respective fitted population data for each layer, demonstrating the correlation between observed and modeled dynamics. b A schematic representation of energy funneling mechanisms within the hot drop-cast 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPP) films. The diagram highlights the pathways of energy transfer alongside the corresponding time constants for energy and charge transfer processes across the layered system.