Fig. 1: Cold plasma density observed by Van Allen Probes and comparison to a statistical density model.
From: Low-density plasma as a key catalyst for electron acceleration in the Van Allen radiation belts

a Cold plasma density observed by RBSP-A spacecraft and values inferred from a statistical model20. b Same as Panel a but for RBSP-B spacecraft. c Derived smoothed ratios of the statistical model and observed density is used for modeling outside of the plasmasphere. The observed values of density for this storm are clearly below the statistical values.