Fig. 4: NeralDEM fluidized bed case result.

Visualization of fluidized bed dynamics: a Three snapshots taken at 0.06 s, 0.09 s, and 0.12 s for an inlet velocity of 0.7 m s⁻¹ demonstrate the short-term dynamics. The iso-surfaces of solid fraction at 0.35 uncover the emerging bubble structure of fluidized bed reactors, and the central slices along the y-axis show the magnitude of fluid velocity. b The long-term dynamics, obtained by rolling out the model approximately 10 times its training horizon, are shown using time-averaged fields for particle solid fraction and magnitude of fluid velocity. c Granular mixing behavior is quantified with the temporal evolution of the Lacey mixing index for an unseen inlet velocity of 0.55 m s⁻¹ (cf. Fig. 1 for a visual reference). d, e The average bed height and the approximated kinetic energy of the particles are displayed for the investigated range of inlet velocities.